Privacy Policy

At Pharmacology Tips, accessible from https://pharamcologytips.blogspot.com/?m=1, one of our main priorities is the privacy of our visitors. This Privacy Policy document contains types of information that is collected and recorded by Pharmacology Tips and how we use it.

If you have additional questions or require more information about our Privacy Policy, do not hesitate to contact us.

This Privacy Policy applies only to our online activities and is valid for visitors to our website with regards to the information that they shared and/or collect in Pharmacology Tips. This policy is not applicable to any information collected offline or via channels other than this website.

By using our website, you hereby consent to our Privacy Policy and agree to its terms.

The personal information that you are asked to provide, and the reasons why you are asked to provide it, will be made clear to you at the point we ask you to provide your personal information.

If you contact us directly, we may receive additional information about you such as your name, email address, phone number, the contents of the message and/or attachments you may send us, and any other information you may choose to provide.

When you register for an Account, we may ask for your contact information, including items such as name, company name, address, email address, and telephone number.

We use the information we collect in various ways, including to :

Provide, operate, and maintain our webste.

Improve, personalize, and expand our webste.

Understand and analyze how you use our webste.

Develop new products, services, features, and functionality.

Communicate with you, either directly or through one of our partners, including for customer service, to provide you with updates and other information relating to the webste, and for marketing and promotional purposes.

Send you emails.

Find and prevent fraud.

Pharmacology Tips follows a standard procedure of using log files. These files log visitors when they visit websites. All hosting companies do this and a part of hosting services' analytics. The information collected by log files include internet protocol (IP) addresses, browser type, Internet Service Provider (ISP), date and time stamp, referring/exit pages, and possibly the number of clicks. These are not linked to any information that is personally identifiable. The purpose of the information is for analyzing trends, administering the site, tracking users' movement on the website, and gathering demographic information. Our Privacy Policy was created with the help of the <a href="https://www.privacypolicygenerator.info">Privacy Policy Generator</a> and the <a href="https://www.privacypolicyonline.com/privacy-policy-generator/">Online Privacy Policy Generator</a>.

Like any other website, Pharmacology Tips uses 'cookies'. These cookies are used to store information including visitors' preferences, and the pages on the website that the visitor accessed or visited. The information is used to optimize the users' experience by customizing our web page content based on visitors' browser type and/or other information.

>For more general information on cookies, please read <a href="https://www.cookieconsent.com/what-are-cookies/">"What Are Cookies"

>Google is one of a third-party vendor on our site. It also uses cookies, known as DART cookies, to serve ads to our site visitors based upon their visit to www.website.com and other sites on the internet. However, visitors may choose to decline the use of DART cookies by visiting the Google ad and content network Privacy Policy at the following URL – <a href="https://policies.google.com/technologies/ads">https://policies.google.com/technologies/ads>

<Third-party ad servers or ad networks uses technologies like cookies, JavaScript, or Web Beacons that are used in their respective advertisements and links that appear on Pharmacology Tips, which are sent directly to users' browser. They automatically receive your IP address when this occurs. These technologies are used to measure the effectiveness of their advertising campaigns and/or to personalize the advertising content that you see on websites that you visit.

<Note that Pharmacology Tips has no access to or control over these cookies that are used by third-party advertisers.

Pharmacology Tips's Privacy Policy does not apply to other advertisers or websites. Thus, we are advising you to consult the respective Privacy Policies of these third-party ad servers for more detailed information. It may include their practices and instructions about how to opt-out of certain options.

You can choose to disable cookies through your individual browser options. To know more detailed information about cookie management with specific web browsers, it can be found at the browsers' respective websites.

<h2>CCPA Privacy Rights (Do Not Sell My Personal Information)</h2>

Under the CCPA, among other rights, California consumers have the right to:

Request that a business that collects a consumer's personal data disclose the categories and specific pieces of personal data that a business has collected about consumers.

Request that a business delete any personal data about the consumer that a business has collected.

Request that a business that sells a consumer's personal data, not sell the consumer's personal data.

If you make a request, we have one month to respond to you. If you would like to exercise any of these rights, please contact us.

<h2>GDPR Data Protection Rights</h2>

We would like to make sure you are fully aware of all of your data protection rights. Every user is entitled to the following:

The right to access – You have the right to request copies of your personal data. We may charge you a small fee for this service.

The right to rectification – You have the right to request that we correct any information you believe is inaccurate. You also have the right to request that we complete the information you believe is incomplete.

The right to erasure – You have the right to request that we erase your personal data, under certain conditions.

The right to restrict processing – You have the right to request that we restrict the processing of your personal data, under certain conditions.

The right to object to processing – You have the right to object to our processing of your personal data, under certain conditions.

The right to data portability – You have the right to request that we transfer the data that we have collected to another organization, or directly to you, under certain conditions.

If you make a request, we have one month to respond to you. If you would like to exercise any of these rights, please contact us.

<Children's Information>

Another part of our priority is adding protection for children while using the internet. We encourage parents and guardians to observe, participate in, and/or monitor and guide their online activity.

Pharmacology Tips does not knowingly collect any Personal Identifiable Information from children under the age of 13. If you think that your child provided this kind of information on our website, we strongly encourage you to contact us immediately and we will do our best efforts to promptly remove such information from our records.

Comments

Autonomic Nervous System Anatomy and Physiology

The Autonomic Nervous System • The Autonomic Nervous System(ANS) along with endocrine system coordinates the regulation amd integeration of body functions. •The ANS largerly independent (autonomous) in that its activities are not under direct conscious control. It is concenred primarily with visceral functions such as cardiac output, blood flow to various organs and digestions, which is necessary for life. • Drugs that produce their primary therpeutic effect by mimicking or altering the functions of ANS are called autonomic drugs. - The autonomic agents act either by stimulating portion of ANS or by blocking the action of autonomic nerves . Nervous System overview : • The N.S is divided into 2 anatomical divisions : The Central Nervous System which is composed of brain & spinal cord and the Peripheral Nervous System . • Peripheral nervous system includes neurons which located outside the brain and spinal cord. • The peripheral nervous syste

AGONIST & ANTAGONIST with types

AGONIST • Agonist is a chemical(drug) that binds to the receptor and activates the receptor to produce biological response. OR • Agonist is a drug that produce effects on endogenous compounds, when it interacts with it’s receptor. => Agonists are of following types: (1) Full agonists (2) Partial agonists (3) Inverse agonists (1) Full Agonists • If a drug binds to a receptor and produce maximal biological response that mimics the response to endogenous ligand is called full agonist. - All full agonists for a receptor population should produce the same E max. For Example : phenylephrine is a full agonist at alpha1-adrenoceptors, because it produce the same E max as the endogenous ligand, norepinephrine. Upon binding with aplha1-adrenoceptors on vascular smooth muscle, both phenylephrine and norepinephrine stablize the receptor in its active state, thereby increasing the Gq activation. Activation of Gq i

Mechanism of absorption of Drugs

Absorption of Drugs • Absorption concerns the process of entry of drug in to systemic circulation from site of administration. •The rate and extent of absorption depend on: -the environment where the drug is absorbed -chemical characteristics of drug -route of administration (which influence bioavailability) • The route of administration other than intravenous may result in partial absorption and lower bioavailability. (A) Mechanism of absorption of drug from GIT • Depending upon their chemical properties , drugs may be absorbed from GI tract by passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport or endocytosis. (1) Passive diffusion : • In this drug move from area of high concentration to area of lower concentration. - also known as non-ionic diffusion - The driving force for this process is concentration or electrochemical gradient. - P.D does not require carrier, is not saturable, and shows low structural specifity. - The

Elimination of the Drug

Drug Elimination • Drugs must be sufficiently polar to be eliminated from the body. • Removal of drugs from body occur via number of routes; the most important is elimination through kidney in to urine. Renal Elimination of Drug • A drug passes through several process in the kidney before elimination, Glomerular filtration, tubular seceration , and passive tubular reabsorption. (1) Glomerular filteration : • Drugs enter the kidney through renal artries, which divide to form a glomerular capillary plexus. Free drug (not bound to albumin) flows through the capillary bed into bowman’s space as a part of glomerular filterate. > Glomerular filteration rate is normally about 120mL/min. But may decrease sugnificantly in renal disease. > pH and lipid solubility do not influence the passage of drugs into glomerular filterate. > Variation in GFR and protein binding to drugs donot affect this process. > water and polar compounds easily enter in gl

Cholinergic neuron & Cholinergic Receptors

•Drugs affecting the autonomic nervous system(ANS) are divided into two groups according to the type of neuron involved in mechanism of action. •The cholinergic drugs, which act on receptors activated by acetylcholine(Ach), Where as adrenergic drugs act on receptors stimulated by epinephrine or norepinephrine. •The cholinergic drugs act by either stimulating or blocking the receptors of the ANS. The cholinergic neuron • The preganglionic fibres terminating in adrenal medulla. • The postganglionic fibres of parasympathetic division use ACh as a neurotransmitter. The postganglionic sumpayhetic division of sweat glands also uses ACh. • Ina ddition, cholinergicneurons innervate the muscles of somatic system and play an important role in CNS. NEUROTRANSMISSION @ CHOLINERGIC NEURON : • Neurotransmission at cholinergic neurons involves 6 sequential steps : (1) Synthesis of ACh (2) Storage of ACh (3) Release of ACh (4) Binding of ACh to the receptor (5) Degradati

Cholinergic Drugs (direct acting) Part-2

(3) CARBACHOL (Carbamylcholine ) • Carbachol is is an ester of carbamic acid and poor substrate for AChEsterase. It is biotransformed by other esters at very slow rate. • Carbachol has both Muscarinic and Nicotinic actions. Functions (i) Actions : • Carbachol has profound effects on both Cardiovascular system and GI system. • It has ganglion stimulating activity and it may first stimulate and then depress these systems. • It can cause release of epinephrine from adrenal medulla by its nicotinic functions. On Eye : • It cause miosis • It cause spasm of accomodatiom in which the ciliary muscle of the eye remains in a constant state of contraction. • Carbachol is also used to stimulate micturation by contraction of detrusor muscle. (ii) Therapeutic uses : • Carbachol has high potency, receptor non-selectivity and relatively long duration of action. • Carbachol is rarely used. • Carbachol administered ocularly to induce miosis to reduce the intr

PHARMACODYNAMICS & Drug Receptor Interaction

>Pharmacodynamics deals with the biochemical and physiological effect of drug as well as its mechanism of action. OR We can simply define it as, The action of drug on the body. •Most drug exert effects, both beneficial and harmful, by interacting with specialized target macromollecule called receptor. Receptor : it refers to the drug binding site in the cell or on the surface of cell which mediate the action of drug. • There are some drugs which do not require receptors Example = mannitol , anti-helmintic drugs, etc. NATURE OF DRUG RECEPTOR 1. Regulatory protein which mediates the action of endogenous chemical signals. For example : neurotransmitters , harmones and autocoids. 2. Enzymes. For example : dihydrofolic reductase 3. Transport protein. For example : sodium / potassium ATPase pump. 4. Structural protein. For example : tubulin. RECEPTOR REGULATION •Down Regulation : when receptors becom

Cholinergic Drugs (Direct acting) Part-1

Cholinergic Agonists (direct acting) • Cholinergic agonists mimic the effect of acetylcholine by binding directly to cholinoceptors (muscarinic & nicotinic). • These agents are classified into 2 groups; (1) Choline esters : it includes endogenous ACh and synthetic esters of choline. Such as Carbachol & Bethanechol . (2) Naturally occuring Alkaloids : Nicotine & Pilocarpine . • All direct-actings Cholinergic drugs have longer duration of action than Acetylcholine. (1) ACETYLCHOLINE • ACh is the quaternary ammonium compound that cannot penetrates membranes. • It is nuerotransmitter of parasympathetic, somatic nerves & autonomic ganglia. • It lacks the therapeutics importance b/c of multiple actions and its rapid inactivation by the cholinesterases. • ACh has both muscarinic and nicotinic activity. Functions : (a) Decrease in heart rate and cardiac output : • ACh mimics the effects of vagal stimulation on the heart. • If in

Drug clearance & Half Life & Dose

Drug Clearance It refers to the ratio of rate of drug elimination to the concentration of drug in biological fluid(C). CL = rate of elimination / C Rate of elimination • For most of the drugs, elimination is not saturable & rate of drug elimination is directly proportional to concentration. Rate of elimination = CL x C ==> The difference between drug clearance and drug elimination is that : • Clearance is Volume of blood cleared of drug per unit time and Elimination is amount of drug cleared from blood per unit time. Total Body Clearance • The total body systemic clearance , CLtotal is the sum of all clearances from drug metabolising and drug eliminating organs. OR • Dividing the rate of elimination at each organ by concentration of drug presented to it yeilds respective clearance at that organ and sum of these is total body clearance. CLx = rate of elimination x / C

Drug Clearance by Biotranformation

Drug clearance : Once a drug enters into the body, the process of elimination begins. The three major routes of eliminations are: (i) Hepatic metabolism (ii) Biliary elimination (iii) Urinary excreation Excreation is irreversible removal of the drug from the body. It involves BIOTRANSFORMATION & EXCREATION. •> Metabolism results in products with increase polarity, which allows the drug to be eliminated. •> Clearance(CL) estimates the vomume of blood from which the drug is cleared per unit of time. CL = 0.693 x V d / t 1/2 - W here T 1/2 is the elimination half life, Vd is apparent volume of distribution and 0.693 is natural log. BIOTRANSFORMATION • The general principle of biotransformation is the metabolic conversion of drug mollecule to more water soluble metabolites that are more readily excreated. - In many cases, metabolism of drug results in its conversion to compounds that have little or no pharmacological activity

Search This Blog